有效的写作几乎总是依赖于一个过程，这个过程在某种程度上取决于作者和修辞的情况(一个定时的作文考试), for example, might allow for fewer significant revisions; a white paper might require a great deal of research).
Upon successful completion of FYW 100/100P/100H, 学生应熟悉以下概念，并在本学期中有机会使用这些概念. 虽然写作过程的要素在这里以一种可能传达时间或线性的方式列出, each concept may be employed at different points in a writing task; repeatedly; or not at all. And each concept loops back to another: research can be an invention strategy, while editing might lead to revision. Finally, 学生反思写作过程和在写作过程中选择修辞的能力, and to write, research, revise, or edit in response to such reflections, is critical. Responding to such reflections is an integral part of a writer’s process.
Invention
Definition: 这一阶段通常被称为写作前阶段，通常涉及启发，如头脑风暴, freewriting, pre-writing, mapping, outlining, etc. But the label of “pre-writing” suggests that invention is the first task of writing; in reality, students may be called upon to invent and reinvent for a number of reasons.
FYW: In FYW courses, students should be offered:
- time and space to explore concepts
- opportunities to try out new ideas
- opportunities to build on the work and ideas of others
- opportunities to discover areas of inquiry-based on data and research
- opportunities to draw on prior knowledge and cultural experiences
Research
Definition: 《esball官方网》是一份综合性文件，旨在定义研究. For the purposes of FYW, we emphasize the introductory nature of the course and the iterative nature of research. Research is the access, evaluation, and use of information from beyond the writer/author’s personal knowledge. Research can inform all stages in a student’s writing process.
FYW: In FYW courses, students should engage in discussion and practice concerning:
- what constitutes a credible source for each student’s project
- how one might evaluate sources for their credibility, usefulness, and accuracy
- how students might search (and re-search) for credible information
- 学生如何在自己的文章(摘要)中可靠地运用他人的观点, paraphrase, quotation, insertion, etc.)
- how research in academic disciplines, for difference purposes, audiences, and genres, might affect how one conducts, locates, and uses research
- why attribution and citation are important, 理解不同的修辞情境需要不同类型和类型的归因和引用
Drafting and Revision
Definition: Drafting is the act of writing or creating version(s) of a text. Drafts can be exploratory, unfinished, unpolished, and unedited; they often are part of the invention process. 修订是审查/重新设想草案以便对草案进行更改的行为, ideally in light of audience feedback; writers revise in order to better respond to a rhetorical situation in both content and style. The goal of revision, in general, is to produce more effective texts.
FYW: In FYW courses, students should be encouraged:
- to draft as many versions of a text as practical in a given semester/session
- to revise each draft carefully and deliberately
- to see earlier drafts as often incomplete and messy
- to distinguish between the conventions of a draft and that of a finished text
- to distinguish between revising and editing
- to solicit feedback from audience members, in a variety of ways: written and verbal comments; peer review sessions; individual and group conferences
- to use feedback to create more effective drafts through revision
- to move from revision to submission of draft
Proofreading and Editing
Definition: Proofreading is the practice of rereading/reviewing/revisiting a text with an eye towards surface-level clarity; it may require a review of grammar, mechanics, usage, design, and conventions. Editing is the practice of making surface-level changes to a text, often in response to careful proofreading.
FYW: In FYW courses, students should be encouraged:
- 把校对和编辑看作是写作过程中的最后一步——校对和编辑不应该干扰发明创造, drafting, revision, or research
- to consider issues of correctness and standardization as social conventions
- to distinguish between global and local issues in writing
- to understand that issues of grammar, mechanics, usage, design, and convention are not always about correctness, but are rather about purpose, audience, and ethos
- to see technology as one of several tools writers employ when proofreading and editing
